DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CAPSULE PRODUCING BACTERIA AND FUNGI

 

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CAPSULE PRODUCING BACTERIA AND FUNGI

 

What is Capsule:

A unique, gelatinous coating known as a "capsule" in microbiology encloses the cell wall of some bacteria and fungus. Usually made up of polysaccharides, although occasionally it can also include polypeptides or other substances. Because the capsule increases the capacity of bacteria to cause illness, it is regarded as a virulence factor.

Polysaccharides, which are lengthy chains of sugar molecules, make up the majority of bacterial capsules. The content of these may fluctuate significantly between various species and even bacterial strains. Certain bacteria, such as the anthrax-causing Bacillus anthracis, contain capsules made of polypeptides like poly-D-glutamic acid.

By preventing phagocytic cells like neutrophils and macrophages from engulfing and eliminating germs, the capsule helps the bacteria elude the host's immune system. The capsule may also aid in keeping the bacteria from drying up, which is essential for survival under hostile conditions. Because of their ability to stick to a variety of surfaces, including as host tissues, medical equipment, and biofilms, capsules allow bacteria to colonize and infect new areas. Certain capsules have the capacity to hold nutrients that bacteria can utilize during periods of shortage. Additionally, they can serve as a physical barrier that shields bacteria from harmful chemicals, such as antimicrobial agents.

Some bacteria that are capsulated are Streptococcus pneumoniae, which depends on its capsule to cause pneumonia and other infections; Haemophilus influenzae, which uses its capsule to cause meningitis and respiratory tract infections; Neisseria meningitidis, which depends on its capsule to be virulent and cause septicemia and meningitis; and Escherichia coli (K1 strains), which depends on its capsule to cause neonatal meningitis.


Using India Ink or Nigrosin, a negative staining technique that creates a black backdrop and gives the appearance of a transparent halo around the bacterial cell, is one way to stain capsules. Although it happens less frequently, a modified Gram stain can occasionally reveal the capsule. The capsule substance is particularly bound by certain colors, which increases its visibility.

Fungi can produced Capsule?

yes......!

The encapsulated yeast-like fungus Cryptococcus neoformans is important to human health, especially in immunocompromised people. The pathophysiology of cryptococcal diseases, such meningitis, is largely dependent on the capsule of this fungus. The capsule is mainly made up of polysaccharides, specifically glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) and galactoxylomannan (GalXM). GXM makes up about 90% of the capsule's mass and has a mannose residue backbone with glucuronic acid and xylose side chains, while GalXM is present in smaller amounts but plays a critical role in immune modulation and capsule integrity. The presence of mannoproteins enhances the immunological interactions and structural complexity of the capsule. The capsule's purpose is to hinder immune cells from phagocytosing the capsule, which helps the host's immune system evade. GXM is especially good in interfering with complement-mediated immune responses.

Difference between capsule producing bacteria and  fungi:

Capsule producing bacteria

Capsule producing  fungi

primarily composed of polysaccharides.

composed of polysaccharides.

capsules containing polypeptides or other materials.

Major compound glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) and galactoxylomannan (GalXM).

distinct, gelatinous layer surrounding the cell wall.

Fungal capsule encapsulated yeast-like fungi.

Capsules very in thickness

Capsules very in thickness.

Uniform or irregular appearance

Halo-like appearance.

Against phagocytosis against macrophages and neutrophils

fungal capsules protect against phagocytosis by immune cells.

Various surfaces, facilitating colonization and biofilm formation

Protection against phagocytosis.

Complement activation and antibody binding

Immune evasion and persistence of infection.

primarily composed of polysaccharides.

composed of polysaccharides.

capsules containing polypeptides or other materials.

Major compound glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) and galactoxylomannan (GalXM).

distinct, gelatinous layer surrounding the cell wall.

Fungal capsule encapsulated yeast-like fungi.





Capsule producing bacteria



 Capsule producing  fungi Cryptococcus neoformans



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